Natural stain remover

Natural stain remover

Here are some steps to follow when treating stubborn stains with vinegar: First, mix equal parts of white vinegar and water in a spray bottle. Then, spray the solution directly onto the stain and let it sit for 5-10 minutes. Next, use a clean cloth or sponge to blot the stain gently. Petpost | Tear Stain Remover Wipes - 100 Presoaked Cotton Pads - Best Natural Eye Crust Treatment for White Fur - Maltese Angels Approved - Chemical and Bleach Free - 4 Oz. $15.97 $ 15 . 97 Get it as soon as Wednesday, Aug 23Apr 11, 2023 · Dip the cloth into vinegar solution for synthetic fiber carpets and dab repeatedly, then press the cloth on the spot for a few seconds. Wait another 15 minutes. Wait one hour or until the carpet dries completely. If the stain is getting lighter, repeat the first three steps until the stain is gone. Natural stain remover block. €8.50. A natural stain remover block is 100% vegan and a natural alternative to regular chemical-based stain removers. This block is an incredibly effective stain remover and also gentle on your clothes and the environment. The stain remover is made of 100% natural oils and minerals and is of course 100% naturally ... Here are some steps to follow when treating stubborn stains with vinegar: First, mix equal parts of white vinegar and water in a spray bottle. Then, spray the solution directly onto the stain and let it sit for 5-10 minutes. Next, use a clean cloth or sponge to blot the stain gently. Natural stain remover block. €8.50. A natural stain remover block is 100% vegan and a natural alternative to regular chemical-based stain removers. This block is an incredibly effective stain remover and also gentle on your clothes and the environment. The stain remover is made of 100% natural oils and minerals and is of course 100% naturally ...12 Natural Carpet Stain Removers for Chemical-Free Cleaning. Skip the store-bought chemicals and strong solvents. Use these earth-friendly household staples …8. Napkins and Tablecloths. Keep your napkins and tablecloths looking pristine with natural stain remover. Apply a small amount directly to the stained areas, gently rubbing the solution into the fabric. Let it sit for a few minutes before laundering as usual. 9.Frequently bought together. This item: Fourfour Natural Stain Remover Laundry Bar 300g. £299 (£9.97/kg) +. Vegetable Glycerin 1 litre Food Grade and Cosmetic Grade. £789 (£0.79/100 ml) +. Castile Liquid Soap Base 1 Litre - Organic SLS SLES …Puracy Natural Laundry Stain Remover - 16 oz. $15 $15 Puracy uses a blend of six plant-based enzymes to fight all types of stains, from blood to watermelon juice. Biokleen Oxygen Bleach Plus. Key Ingredients: A blend of natural minerals and detergent boosters known for their stain-lifting properties (light citrus scent) Best For: Brightening colors and whites (color-safe formula) EWG Rating: B. My Experience: This type of mineral-based, oxygen bleach is a staple in my laundry room. Another highly performing bar for your consideration is the Meliora Laundry Stain Remover Soap Stick. This stain remover performed better than most. In fact, the vegetable soap …Step 1 - Add 1 cup of hydrogen peroxide and ½ cup of dish liquid to a clean spray bottle. I love Dawn dish liquid for this stain remover because of its amazing grease fighting power, but you can absolutely use an all-natural dish liquid like this one if you like. Step 2 - Mix well before each use.Before you reach for expensive and harsh chemicals, consider using vinegar as a natural stain remover. Not only is it more environmentally friendly, but it’s also much cheaper …Woohoo! Test Stain #2 – Coconut Oil. Final Thoughts. More DIY Cleaning Recipes: Find all our DIY cleaning recipes here! Puracy’s convenient Pet Stain & Odor Remover was designed to naturally, effectively, and easily get rid of the little “gifts” they leave behind. Our 99.52% natural formula is packed with sustainable, active stain & odor-fighting plant-based enzymes. So much so that you can expect over 500% the power per ounce versus other pet stain removers. Puracy Natural Laundry Stain Remover - 16 oz. $15. Puracy uses a blend of six plant-based enzymes to fight all types of stains, from blood to watermelon juice. In my …Branch Basics has a non-toxic natural stain remover that works really well. You can use their cleaning concentrate and Oxygen Boost to pretreat the stained area. …Pin it! Recipe 7: Dilute the acrylic paint with a ratio of 1 part paint and 1 part water, and apply the “stain” onto the wood with a brush or a rag. The wood will be stained with the paint color, but still has the wood grain showing through! Different brands of …Our Natural Laundry Powder uses plant-based ingredients and revolutionary biotechnology to kill 99% of germs naturally, for cleaner and soften laundry. Ultra- ...Puracy Natural Laundry Stain Remover - 16 oz. $15 $15 Puracy uses a blend of six plant-based enzymes to fight all types of stains, from blood to watermelon juice.The Spruce / Ana Cadena. Hydrogen peroxide is a very effective stain remover for protein- and plant-based stains. And it works well in treating blood, mildew, fruit and vegetable, and dye-transfer stains.. Even though it is a very mild form of bleach, it is best to test hydrogen peroxide on colored clothes in an inconspicuous spot (e.g., the …Diane Phelan, LATICRETE Product Manger for the Surface Care Line shares how to use STONETECH® Oil Stain Remover to remove oil stains off natural stone, mason... Make It. Add ingredients to an opaque container (peroxide is photo sensitive). Squeeze a small amount onto the stain and let sit for 10-30 minutes. Add a little more and use an old toothbrush to scrub the stain. At this point the stain should be about 99% gone. Solimo 91% Isopropyl Alcohol. Amazon. Rubbing alcohol is excellent at removing dye and ink stains. It also works very well on removing makeup from clothing — if you smear makeup on your shirt ...Woohoo! Test Stain #2 – Coconut Oil. Final Thoughts. More DIY Cleaning Recipes: Find all our DIY cleaning recipes here!Natural Laundry Stain Remover. $29.99. For those who hate stains, harsh chemicals, and more stains. 98.95% from Mother Nature. Six Plant Based Enzymes. Fragrance Free. …Carpet Spot Remover Homemade Recipe. 1 tablespoon clear liquid dish soap. 1 tablespoon white vinegar. 2 cups warm water. tb1234. Similar to our DIY homemade carpet shampoo, mix the ingredients in a spray bottle. Spray the stain with the solution and scrub the stain with a clean, dry washcloth.Biokleen Oxygen Bleach Plus. Key Ingredients: A blend of natural minerals and detergent boosters known for their stain-lifting properties (light citrus scent) Best For: Brightening colors and whites (color-safe formula) EWG Rating: B. My Experience: This type of mineral-based, oxygen bleach is a staple in my laundry room.The Spruce / Ana Cadena. Hydrogen peroxide is a very effective stain remover for protein- and plant-based stains. And it works well in treating blood, mildew, fruit and vegetable, and dye-transfer stains.. Even though it is a very mild form of bleach, it is best to test hydrogen peroxide on colored clothes in an inconspicuous spot (e.g., the …Oct 22, 2020 · Buy: Puracy Natural Stain Remover, $22.08 (normally $25.98) Credit: Honest. 5. The Honest Co. Multi-Surface Cleaner. Free from synthetic fragrances, formaldehyde, parabens, dyes, sulfates, and methylisothiazolinone, The Honest’s Co’s multi-surface cleaner is incredibly potent yet gentle. While it comes in four soothing scents, there’s ... This bundle has everything you need to fight stubborn stains! Oxygen Whitener lifts and brightens, while our Stain Remover Sprays break down tough stains.1. The Laundress Stain Solution. The powerful stain-lifting solution can take on bloodred wine stains on your bright white napkins, coffee stains on your favorite shirt, …Mix the distilled water, liquid soap, hydrogen peroxide, and lemon essential oil in a large glass measuring cup. Pour in a glass spray bottle – dark glass or covered with a dark bag and stored in a dark place at room temperature to help the peroxide last longer. Gently shake before each use. If you're tackling a liquid …Step 2: Pre-Treat the Stain. Next, apply a stain remover or liquid laundry detergent directly onto the stain. Gently rub the detergent into the stain with a toothbrush, making sure to scrub both sides of the fabric. Let the detergent sit on the stain for at least 15 minutes to break down the dirt particles.Professional oil stain remover for natural stone ; Citrus solvent-based poultice formulated for removing stubborn oil-based stains ; Provides coverage from 1/2 to 1-Square Feet of surface area at 1/4-Inch thickness ; Will not discolor natural stone and produces no residue ; VOC compliantSep 7, 2017 · A stain-removal strategy that works well for one type of stain could make a different type much worse. Match your strategy to the staining substance and the type of fabric. The American Cleaning Institute ( 1 ) lists over 40 (!) categories of stains and offers different advice (some of it rather toxic) for removing each type. Our top pick for the best laundry stain remover is the Shout Advanced Grease Busting Foam. This affordable stain remover received perfect scores for ease of use, effectiveness, and value. It features stain-removing ingredients that dissolve tough grease stains, and it’s safe to use on machine washable fabrics.1. Chocolate - dishwashing detergent --> totally worked. 2. Sweat Stain - Hydrogen Peroxide --> I added baking soda and made a paste. That worked better than just Hydrogen Peroxide. 3. Tomato Sauce - White Vinegar - totally worked but there was a ring where the vinegar was.Learn how to make four natural and effective homemade stain removers with items you already have in your home. From dish soap and hydrogen peroxide to enzyme cleaner and bleach alternative, these recipes will help you remove stains from various fabrics and colors. See morePuracy’s convenient Pet Stain & Odor Remover was designed to naturally, effectively, and easily get rid of the little “gifts” they leave behind. Our 99.52% natural formula is packed with sustainable, active stain & odor-fighting plant-based enzymes. So much so that you can expect over 500% the power per ounce versus other pet stain removers.Mar 3, 2014 · Removing Sweat Stains. In a small bowl, combine 2 tablespoons of cream of tartar, a few drops of lemon essential oil, and enough water to make a paste. Mix and spread the paste over the stain. Rub it in, and allow it to dry before washing. You can also use hydrogen peroxide (3%) as a DIY stain remover for sweat. To make a homemade stain remover for grease, make a paste with baking soda and water and soak the spot well. If there is a lot of oil, cover with cornstarch and allow it to absorb the grease for a few hours. Then brush cornstarch off and treat the area with baking soda paste. If there is still a lingering stain, use undiluted dish soap on the ...Top 10 Best Tear Stain Removers for Pets 2024. 1. Best Overall Tear Stain Remover: TropiClean Spa Tear Stain Remover. View on Amazon. Editor’s Rating: Why we like it: This all-natural formula is highly effective at removing tear stains and loosening hardened build-up around the eyes.Best tear stain remover for white dogs. Arava Bio Tear Stain Cleaner With Dead Sea Minerals. What we like: 3 natural ingredients and 26 minerals from the Dead Sea help penetrate dog hair to break down tear stains. Contains Euphrasia, Wild Yam, and Sophora. Get 30% off when ordered with Arava eye wipes.Stains are a frustrating fact of life, and stain removal can be tricky business. We spoke to experts and pulled from our own deep well of expertise on the subject of stain removal to identify the ...These ingredients allow the Puracy Stain Remover to get rid of stains as if they’re only seconds old. Your clothes should look as good as new, prolonging their lives and reducing your overall carbon footprint. The Puracy Natural Laundry Stain Remover – 16oz & 48oz Bundle typically costs $31 but you can grab it on sale for $24.Because of this, TriNova's Pet Stain & Odor Remover contains a formula that leaves surfaces safe for your kids to keep on playing without any worry about harmful chemicals or toxins. USE IT ANYWHERE - Use this natural pet stain remover on most surfaces such as bedding, mattress, cage, kennel, laundry, clothes, hardwood, litter box and more.Nature's Miracle(R) Stain and Odor Remover for dogs is tough on dog urine, feces, vomit, drool and other organic stains and odors. The bacteria-based formula produces enzymes when in contact with bio-based messes to target spot stains and odors while freshening with a light, citrus scent. Contains 170 ounces to refill whatever Nature's …General Objective To produce an effective stain remover made of natural sources that can remove both permanent and temporary stains. Specific Objective To observe if the iron rust stain, human perspiration stain, mildew, yellow spots of the fabric, grease stains could be remove by the fruit stain remover.Natural stain remover block. €8.50. A natural stain remover block is 100% vegan and a natural alternative to regular chemical-based stain removers. This block is an incredibly effective stain remover and also gentle on your clothes and the environment. The stain remover is made of 100% natural oils and minerals and is of course 100% naturally .... Rust stains on clothes can be quite frustrating, but with the right techniques, they can be effectively removed. However, there are some common mistakes that people often make when...Apr 12, 2022 · Directions. Add liquid soap and Tea Tree Essential Oil to the spray bottle and swirl to mix. Add the hydrogen peroxide to the spray bottle. To use, spray or pour onto clothes before washing. Best Overall Dog Tear Stain Remover: Great Eyes Tear Stain Wipes. Best Chamomile-Based Dog Tear Stain Remover: Burt’s Bees for Pets Natural Tear Stain Remover. Best For Tear Stain Prevention: I-LID ’N L ASH Vet Pump Ocular Hygiene Cleanser. Best For Ease of Use: Angel Eyes for Dogs Gentle Tear Stain Wipes. Best …Puracy Professional Carpet Cleaner Machine Detergent, 4x Concentrated Upholstery Cleaner, Natural Carpet Shampoo, Pet Stain Remover & Deodorizer, Makes 20 Gallons of Cleaning Solution, 25 Ounce dummy Puracy 99.9% Natural All Purpose Cleaner Concentrate - Makes 128oz Multi Purpose Cleaner - Green Tea & Lime - Surface Cleaner, …Hydrogen peroxide is a natural cleaner and whitener that works well for stain removal. Stronger formulas can discolor wood if left sitting for too long, so only use over-the-counter 3% hydrogen peroxide and be mindful of how the stain remover reacts with the wood. Soak the end of a damp cloth in hydrogen peroxide.Enzyme-based stain remover: Natural or processed chemically, different enzymes target specific soils and break the soil into smaller molecules to be washed away. For most stains, choose a well-rounded stain remover. Hydrogen peroxide or white vinegar: Hydrogen peroxide is a great laundry agent that can be used to remove stains. Distilled …Shop the full line of Gonzo Natural Magic odor eliminators, pet hair removers and stain removers. The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. ... Natural Odor Eliminators. Household Helpers. Disinfectants. Best Sellers. Odor Eliminator for Homes. $10.99. Add to Cart.Emulsify the Stain. Dishwashing detergents and stain removers contain emulsifiers or surfactants. Emulsifiers coat the stain and help to lift it off of the surface. Surfactants increase the wettability of materials, making it easier for the stain remover to contact and remove the stain. Examples of surfactants are soap and sulfonates.Mar 3, 2014 · Removing Sweat Stains. In a small bowl, combine 2 tablespoons of cream of tartar, a few drops of lemon essential oil, and enough water to make a paste. Mix and spread the paste over the stain. Rub it in, and allow it to dry before washing. You can also use hydrogen peroxide (3%) as a DIY stain remover for sweat. Hard Water Stains. Accumulation of hard water can cause staining. The best thing to use here is dry 0000 steel wool to buff the stone and remove the stain. Inorganic Metal Stains. These are typically rust or brown iron stains. You’ll need to use a poultice to remove the stain. However, it’s not guaranteed that you can remove all the rust.The drying process is what pulls the stain out of the stone and into the poultice material. After about 24 hours, remove the plastic and allow the poultice to dry. Remove the poultice from the stain. Rinse with distilled water and buff dry with a soft cloth. Use the wood or plastic scraper if necessary.Perfect for cloth pads! 1 part Castile Soap 2 parts Hydrogen Peroxide 1-2 drops Citrus Fresh or Lemon Essential Oil Mix together and spray or pour directly on ...To make a homemade stain remover for grease, make a paste with baking soda and water and soak the spot well. If there is a lot of oil, cover with cornstarch and allow it to absorb the grease for a few hours. Then brush cornstarch off and treat the area with baking soda paste. If there is still a lingering stain, use undiluted dish soap on the ...To Make DIY Stain Remover. Combine ingredients and pour into a dark glass spray bottle and shake well to combine. Hydrogen peroxide is sensitive to light so a dark bottle is essential for maintaining potency. Store in a …Frequently bought together. This item: Fourfour Natural Stain Remover Laundry Bar 300g. £299 (£9.97/kg) +. Vegetable Glycerin 1 litre Food Grade and Cosmetic Grade. £789 (£0.79/100 ml) +. Castile Liquid Soap Base 1 Litre - Organic SLS SLES …Puracy Natural Platinum Pet Stain and Odor Remover Plant-Powered Professional Pet Urine Odor Eliminator with Natural Enzymes Safe and Effective Carpet Pet Stain Remover and Cleaner, Cucumber & Mint 4.3 out of 5 stars 618DIY Natural Stain Remover. Facebook. Twitter. Pinterest. StumbleUpon. Tumblr. Print Friendly. DIY Natural Stain Remover Recipe. Supplies/Ingredients. 1/2 cup hydrogen peroxide (3% solution hydrogen peroxide, the kind for cuts and scrapes) Juice of 1/2 lemon (or about 2 tablespoons)Puracy Natural Laundry Stain Remover. (usually$20.98)$13.37. Amazon. Buy Now. Save to Wish List. So here’s how it went: I simply dabbed the liquid on the stains and rubbed the towel gently, leaving it to dry for an hour (the longer, the better), followed by an extra rinse cycle in the washer. Once air-dried, the turmeric stain had completely ...Lip stains are a popular choice for long-lasting and vibrant lip color. However, removing lip stain can sometimes be a challenge. Whether you’ve had an accidental smudge or you sim...Lip stains are a popular choice for many makeup enthusiasts due to their long-lasting color and ability to provide a natural-looking flush to the lips. However, removing lip stains...Puracy’s convenient Pet Stain & Odor Remover was designed to naturally, effectively, and easily get rid of the little “gifts” they leave behind. Our 99.52% natural formula is packed with sustainable, active stain & odor-fighting plant-based enzymes. So much so that you can expect over 500% the power per ounce versus other pet stain removers. Use a clean cloth or brush to apply the baking soda mixture onto the stained fabric. Gently rub the mixture into the stain with circular motions, but be careful not to damage or stretch out the fabric. Let it sit for at least 15 minutes before washing it off. For tougher stains, you can leave it overnight. 1. Better Life Natural Stain & Odor Eliminator. Category: Spray. For: All machines. From: St. Louis, Missouri, United States. Values: Plant-based, biodegradable, vegan. Prices: $10 …So, as soon as you see the stain, assess the best cleaning method and act quickly. 2. Never rub or scrub. Rubbing or scrubbing can push the stain deeper into the …Pin it! Recipe 7: Dilute the acrylic paint with a ratio of 1 part paint and 1 part water, and apply the “stain” onto the wood with a brush or a rag. The wood will be stained with the paint color, but still has the wood grain showing through! Different brands of …The baby stain remover for laundry goes to work to remove everything from diaper leaks to your baby food mishaps. EASY TO USE: Spot remover for clothes keeps cleaning simple: just apply natural stain remover to the affected area, agitate, and blot up - it's as simple as that! Stains are completely gone with clothes stain remover.Step 1 - Add 1 cup of hydrogen peroxide and ½ cup of dish liquid to a clean spray bottle. I love Dawn dish liquid for this stain remover because of its amazing grease fighting power, but you can absolutely use an all-natural dish liquid like this one if you like. Step 2 - Mix well before each use.DIY Stain Remover Recipe. 1 part Dr. Bronner’s Liquid Castile Soap. 2 parts Hydrogen Peroxide. 1-2 drops Citrus Fresh or Lemon Essential Oil. Mix together and spray or pour directly on stain. Note: Test a small area before applying to entire garment, upholstery, etc.How to Whiten Your Teeth: 4 Home Remedies. Hydrogen peroxide and baking soda can help remove stains. A smile expresses your emotions. But if your teeth are yellow, stained or discolored, you may ...DIY Stain Remover Recipe. 1 part Dr. Bronner’s Liquid Castile Soap. 2 parts Hydrogen Peroxide. 1-2 drops Citrus Fresh or Lemon Essential Oil. Mix together and spray or pour directly on stain. Note: Test a small area before applying to entire garment, upholstery, etc.Natural Stain Removers. Buncha Farmers Stain Stick: Rub the stain stick directly on the dampened stain, or fill a spray bottle with hot water and finely grate some of the stick into the bottle. Mix before spraying. ... After applying a stain remover, scrub the stained area using a toothbrush or small scrub brush. Let it sit for at least 10–15 ...Jan 24, 2023 · First, blot a liquid stain with paper towels or a cloth. Gently shake the DIY laundry stain remover spray. Spray or pour the solution on the stain (preferably a fresh stain). Let the stain remover rest for 5 minutes. Scrub the soaked stain with a scrub brush, old toothbrush, or cloth until the stain has been lifted. 1. Chocolate - dishwashing detergent --> totally worked. 2. Sweat Stain - Hydrogen Peroxide --> I added baking soda and made a paste. That worked better than just Hydrogen Peroxide. 3. Tomato Sauce - White Vinegar - totally worked but there was a ring where the vinegar was.Branch Basics has a non-toxic natural stain remover that works really well. You can use their cleaning concentrate and Oxygen Boost to pretreat the stained area. …You can use a vinegar and water solution or a muriatic acid and water solution to remove fertilizer stains from concrete. Muriatic acid may etch concrete, however, so it should onl...Clean People Stain Remover Spray - Natural Plant & Mineral-Based Ingredients - Non-Toxic Laundry Spot Treatment for Food, Pet & Baby Stains - Boosted with Enzymes - Fabric Safe - 4oz (2 Pack) 4.4 out of 5 stars 61. 200+ bought in …Puracy Natural Laundry Stain Remover. Save to Wish List. $13.37 (usually$20.98) at Amazon. So here’s how it went: I simply dabbed the liquid on the …Clean Can Natural Stain Remover; 98.95% Natural. Clean Can Natural Stain Remover. Sale price $13.99. Sold out. Color-safe and non-caustic, Puracy Stain Remover is specifically developed to remove all stains with 6 plant-based enzymes. FREE SHIPPING on all Clean Can! Scent: Free & Clear. Free & Clear. Style: ...To remove Betadine stains from your skin, clean the area with warm soap and water until the stain is gone. If the stain is still visible, use rubbing alcohol to remove the remainin...Perfect for cloth pads! 1 part Castile Soap 2 parts Hydrogen Peroxide 1-2 drops Citrus Fresh or Lemon Essential Oil Mix together and spray or pour directly on ...Download Article. 1. Mix baking soda, 3% hydrogen peroxide, and dish detergent. Combine 3 tablespoons (43 g) of baking soda, 10 fluid ounces (300 mL) of hydrogen peroxide, and 3 drops of dish detergent together in a bowl and mix them until the baking soda is dissolved. Then, pour the solution into a spray bottle.Jan 3, 2020 ... https://ablossominglife.com/natural-h... Subscribe: · http://bit.ly/2FpSWt2 Shop this post: The following are affiliate links. · https://www.General Objective To produce an effective stain remover made of natural sources that can remove both permanent and temporary stains. Specific Objective To observe if the iron rust stain, human perspiration stain, mildew, yellow spots of the fabric, grease stains could be remove by the fruit stain remover.Clean People Stain Remover Spray - Natural Plant & Mineral-Based Ingredients - Non-Toxic Laundry Spot Treatment for Food, Pet & Baby Stains - Boosted with Enzymes - Fabric Safe - 4oz (2 Pack) 4.4 out of 5 stars 61. 200+ bought in past month. $13.06 $ 13. 06 ($1.63 $1.63 /Fl Oz)Do you have water stains on wood that you are trying vainly to get rid of? Lifehack.org has a quick tip on how to remove these: Do you have water stains on wood that you are trying...Because of this, TriNova's Pet Stain & Odor Remover contains a formula that leaves surfaces safe for your kids to keep on playing without any worry about harmful chemicals or toxins. USE IT ANYWHERE - Use this natural pet stain remover on most surfaces such as bedding, mattress, cage, kennel, laundry, clothes, hardwood, litter box and more.Oct 22, 2020 · Buy: Puracy Natural Stain Remover, $22.08 (normally $25.98) Credit: Honest. 5. The Honest Co. Multi-Surface Cleaner. Free from synthetic fragrances, formaldehyde, parabens, dyes, sulfates, and methylisothiazolinone, The Honest’s Co’s multi-surface cleaner is incredibly potent yet gentle. While it comes in four soothing scents, there’s ... 8 offers from $11.53. #7. OxiClean White Revive Laundry Whitener and Stain Remover Power Paks, 24 Count. 15,333. 13 offers from $7.99. #8. Grandma's Secret Spot Remover Laundry Spray - Chlorine, Bleach and Toxin-Free Stain Remover - Stain Remover for Clothes - Fabric Stain Remover Removes Oil, Paint, Blood and Pet Stains - 16 Oz, 2 Pack. ---1